討論:菲律賓菫菜
山羊百科，林文智老師的植物、山岳、攝影紀錄
合生托叶组 Sect. Adnatae (W. Beck.) C. J. Wang
紫花地丁 Viola philippica Cav.
多年生草本，无地上茎，高4-14厘米，果期高可达20余厘米。根状茎短，垂直，淡褐 色，长4-13毫米，粗2-7毫米，节密生，有数条淡褐色或近白色的细根。叶多数，基生，莲座状；叶片下部者通常较小，呈三角状卵形或狭卵形，上部者较长，呈长圆形、狭卵状披针形或长圆状卵形，长1.5-4厘米，宽0.5-1厘米，先端圆钝，基部截形或楔形，稀微心形，边缘具较平的圆齿，两面无毛或被细短毛，有时仅下面沿叶脉被短毛，果期叶片增大，长可达10余厘米，宽可达4厘米；叶柄在花期通常长于叶片1-2倍，上部具极狭的翅，果期长可达10余厘米，上部具较宽之翅，无毛或被细短毛；托叶膜质，苍白色或淡绿色，长1.5-2.5厘米，2/3-4/5与叶柄合生，离生部分线状披针形，边缘疏生具腺体的流苏状细齿或近全缘。花中等大，紫堇色或淡紫色，稀呈白色，喉部色较淡并带有紫色条纹；花梗通常多，数，细弱，与叶片等长或高出于叶片，无毛或有短毛，中部附近有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或披针形，长5-7毫米，先端渐尖，基部附属物短，长1-1.5毫米，末端圆或截形，边缘具膜质白边，无毛或有短毛；花瓣倒卵形或长圆状倒卵形，侧方花瓣长，1-1.2厘米，里面无毛或有须毛，下方花瓣连距长1.3-2厘米，里面有紫色脉纹；距细管状，长4-8毫米，末端圆；花药长约2毫米，药隔顶部的附属物长约1.5毫米，下方2枚雄蕊背部的距细管状，长4-6毫米，末端稍细；子房卵形，无毛，花柱棍棒状，比子房稍长，基部稍膝曲，柱头三角形，两侧及后方稍增厚成微隆起的缘边，顶部略平，前方具短喙。蒴果长圆形，长5-12毫米，无毛；种子卵球形，长1.8毫米，淡黄色。花果期4月中下旬至9月。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、山东、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、河南、湖北、湖南、广西、四川、贵州、云南。生于田间、荒地、山坡草丛、林缘或灌丛中。在庭园较湿润处常形成小群落。朝鲜、日本、苏联远东地区也有。
本种与早开堇菜 V. prionantha Bunge 相似，但本种叶片较狭长，通常呈长圆形，基部截形；花较小，距较短而细。始花期通常较早开堇菜稍晚可以区别。
根据野外观察，本种花色多变，通常多为紫堇色，有的植株，甚或在同一植株上也有淡 紫色的花存在，喉部颜色较淡并有紫色脉纹；有的侧方花瓣颜色更淡呈粉红色，所以我们将一些作者的变种或变型予以归并。
堇菜亞屬 Viola Subgen. Viola 合生托葉組 Viola Sect. Adnatae
63. Viola philippica Cavanilles 紫花地丁
Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 4-14 cm tall, to 20 cm tall at fruiting. Rhizome erect, brownish, short, 4-13 mm, 2-7 mm in diam., densely noded, with several yellowish or whitish rootlets. Leaves numerous, basal, rosulate; stipules glaucous or greenish, 1.5-2.5 cm, membranous, 2/3-4/5 adnate to petioles, free part linear-lanceolate, margin remotely glandular fimbriate-denticulate or subentire; petiole usually 1-2 × exceeding blades at anthesis, very narrowly winged in upper part, to 10 cm at fruiting, broadly winged in upper part, puberulous or glabrous; upper blades oblong-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, usually smaller than lower ones; lower ones oblong, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-ovate, 1.5-4 × 0.5-1 cm, both surfaces glabrous or puberulous, sometimes only puberulous along veins abaxially, base truncate or cuneate, rarely slightly cordate, margin shallowly crenate, apex obtuse; blades accrescent at fruiting, to 10 × 4 cm. Flowers purple-violet or purplish, rarely white, light colored and purple-striate at throat, medium-sized; pedicels usually numerous, equaling or exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-7 × 0.7-1.8 mm, apex acuminate; appendages short, 1-1.5 mm, 1/2 to 1/6 as long as sepal, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex rounded or denticulate. Petals obovate or oblong-obovate, lateral ones 1-1.2 cm, inside glabrous or rarely lightly bearded, anterior one 1.3-2 cm (spur included), inside purple-veined; spur tubular, 3-8 mm, 2-5 × as long as calycine appendages; anthers ca. 2 mm, appendage of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens tubular, 3-6 mm, apex slender. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; styles clavate, slightly exceeding ovary, base slightly geniculate; stigmas triangular with slightly thickened and raised margins on lateral sides and abaxially, slightly flat at top, shortly beaked in front. Capsule ellipsoid, 5-12 mm, glabrous. Seeds yellowish, ovoid-globose, ca. 1.8 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24*, 48.
Fields, grassy places on mountain slopes, forest margins, thickets, roadsides; below 1700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Philippines, Vietnam].
1 Leaves withered in winter, blade oblong- lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, petioles slightly winged. 63a var. philippica
+ Leaves present in winter, blade triangular-lanceolate, petioles rather distinctly winged. 63b var. pseudojaponica
- Viola pseudo-japonica リュウキュウコスミレ
- Viola yedoensis ssp. pseudo-japonica リュウキュウコスミレ
- Viola yedoensis ssp. pseudo-japonica f. sonoharae シロバナリュウキュウコスミレ
