討論:紫花地丁

山羊百科，林文智老師的植物、山岳、攝影紀錄

10. Viola mandshurica W. Becker 紫花地丁

Perennial herb; rhizome erect to ascending, rather stout, bearing dark brown roots, acaulescent. Leaves usually linear-lanceolate or oblong, 3-8 cm long, 0.5-1.6 cm broad, with cuneate base during the flowering period, and become triangular-lanceolate, 3-11 cm long, 1-2.5 cm broad, with truncate base and more or less enlarged basal lobes after flowering period, acute or obtuse at apex, shallowly and distantly crenate on margin, sometimes dentate on basal lobes, usually long-decurrent on petiole, glabrous or pubescent on both surfaces, chartaceous to subcoriaceous; petioles 6-15 cm long, glabrous or pubescent; stipules 3-8 mm long, 0.5-1 mm broad, lanceolate, acuminate, entire or sparsely denticulate to ciliate, glabrous, adnate to petiole to 3/4 length. Flowers 15-25 mm across, usually dark purple, sometimes light violet or white; peduncles 8-25 cm long, equalling or exceeding leaves, glabrous or pubescent; sepals 3-6.5 mm long, 1-2 mm broad, ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, entire, glabrous; appendages 1-1.5 mm long, rounded to squarish; petals obovate to oblanceolate, the lateral ones bearded or rarely beardless, the basal emarginate or truncate at apex; spurs 3-5.5 mm long, 1.4-2.5 times as long as wide, cylindrical, rounded. Styles 2-2.5 mm long, geniculate at base, clavate distally, with prominent marginal lobes at apex and anterior stigmatic beak. Capsules 9-14 mm long, oblong or ellipsoid, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, 1.8 mm long. Chromosome number n=24.

Kuriles, Japan, Korea, Manshuria, China.

ILAN: Nanhutashan, Sasaki s. n. 1928. HSINCHU: kwanwu, Wang 4123. TAICHUNG: Chika, Huang 7089. NANTOU: Kwankao, Wang 4287. CHIAYI: Tozan, Ishizaki s. n. 1924 (Type of V. oblongo-sagitata form. Ishizakii, TAI!). KAOHSIUNG: Tienchih, Yang s. n. 1988. HUALIEN: Chingshuishan, Liao s. n. 1978; Hohuanshan, Tang s. n. 1985.

• スミレ　Viola mandshurica
• ミョウジンスミレ　Viola mandshurica ?
• ニシキスミレ　Viola mandshurica f. albo-variegata
• ワカシュウスミレ　Viola mandshurica f. glabripetala
• シロガネスミレ　Viola mandshurica f. hasegawae
• ニイジマスミレ　Viola mandshurica f. niijimensis
• コモロスミレ　Viola mandshurica f. plena
• アツバスミレ　Viola mandshurica var. boninensis
• アナマスミレ　Viola mandshurica var. crassa
• ホコバスミレ　Viola mandshurica var. ikedaeana
• アツバスミレ　Viola mandshurica var. triangularis

合生托叶组 Sect. Adnatae (W. Beck.) C. J. Wang

东北堇菜 Viola mandshurica W. Beck.

多年生草本，無地上莖，高6—18釐米。根狀莖縮短，垂直，長5—12毫米，節密生，呈暗褐色，常自一處發出數條較粗壯的褐色長根，根通常平滑，向下斜伸或有時稍橫生。葉3或5片以至多數，皆基生； 葉片長圓形、舌形、卵狀披針形，下部者通常較小呈狹卵形，長2—6釐米，寬0.5—1.5釐米，花期後葉片漸增大，呈長三角形、橢圓狀披針形，稍呈戟形，長可達10餘釐米，寬達5釐米，最寬處位於葉的最下部，先端鈍或圓，基部截形或寬楔形，下延於葉柄，邊緣具疏生波狀淺圓齒，有時下部近全緣，兩面無毛或被疏柔毛，下麵有明顯隆起的中脈； 葉柄較長，長2.5—8釐米，上部具狹翅，花期後翅顯著增寬，被短毛或無毛； 托葉膜質，下部者呈鱗片狀，褐色，上部者淡褐色、淡紫色或蒼白色，約2/3以上與葉柄合生，離生部分線狀披針形，先端漸尖，邊緣疏生細齒或近全緣； 花紫堇色或淡紫色，較大，直徑約2釐米； 花梗細長，通常超出于葉，無毛或被短毛，通常在中部以下或近中部處具2枚線形苞片；萼片卵狀披針形或披針形，長5—7毫米，先端漸尖，基部的附屬物短(長1.5—2毫米)而較寬，末端圓或截形，通常無齒，具狹膜質邊緣，具3脈； 上方花瓣倒卵形，長11一13毫米，寬約5—8毫米，側方花瓣長圓狀倒卵形，長11—15毫米，寬約4—6毫米，裏面基部有長須毛，下方花瓣連距長15—23毫米，距圓筒形，粗而長，長5—10毫米，末端圓，向上彎或直； 雄蕊的藥隔頂端附屬物長約1.5毫米，花藥長約2毫米，下方2枚雄蕊的距長約4—6毫米； 子房卵球形，長約2.5毫米，無毛，花柱棍棒狀，基部細而向前方膝曲，上部較粗，柱頭兩側及後方稍增厚成薄而直立的緣部，前方具明顯向上斜升的短喙，喙端具較粗的柱頭孔。蒴果長圓形，長1—1.5釐米，無毛，先端尖。種子多數，卵球形，長1.5毫米，無毛，淡棕紅色。花果期4月下旬至9月。

產黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、內蒙古、河北、山西、陝西、甘肅、山東、臺灣。生於草地、草坡,灌叢、林緣、疏林下、田野荒地及河岸沙地等處。朝鮮、日本、蘇聯遠東地區也有分佈。