台灣產灰木科植物之分類研究-王志強
山羊百科,林文智老師的植物、山岳、攝影紀錄
目錄 |
台灣產灰木科植物之分類處理
王志強著
- 感謝澎湖科技大學 王志強老師授權台灣產灰木科植物之分類研究 國立中興大學森林系博士論文部分文字內容
灰木科特徵
Symplocaceae Desfontaines. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 69 (1820). Symploceae D. Don. Prod. Fl. Nepal. 144 . p. p (1825). Symplocaceae G. Don. Gen. Syst. 41(1837); Gurke. in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: 1168 (1891); Brand. Pfl. R. Heft (1901) 613 ;
Hallier f., Beih. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 39-B78 (1921). -Guaiacanae pars II Juss. Gen. 157. pro parte. (1789). -Styracineae H.
B. K. Nov. Gen. Sp. 3257(1818). pro parte. -Styracaceae tribus Symloceae DC. Prod. 8244(1844). pro parte.
常綠(稀落葉)灌木或喬木。單葉,互生,螺旋狀排列;羽狀脈,全緣,鋸齒或齒牙緣,光滑或具毛茸,毛形態不為星狀毛。 花序腋生或頂生,密繖花序、穗狀花序、總狀花序、密生壓縮簇生花序,單一或分枝,花多具1苞片和2小苞片,不孕性花偶具多數苞片及小苞片。花輻射對稱,兩性花,稀退化單性花;雌雄同株,具芳香氣味。花萼呈筒狀或鐘形,3-5淺裂,覆瓦狀或鑷合狀排列,花萼裂片小,宿存;花冠白藍色或紫色,合瓣花,花冠分裂至近中部(灰木亞屬 subgen. Symplocos),3-5淺裂,裂片覆瓦狀;雄蕊4至多數排列成1-4輪,合生成單體的長形雄蕊筒,或花冠僅在基部結合成單體或5體(深裂灰木亞屬 subgen. Hopea),彼此交錯排列;花絲筒插生在花冠上。花藥球形,兩室,花藥向內,縱裂;雌蕊1,花柱單一,細長,基部被花盤所圍繞;柱頭點狀、盾狀或頭狀,子房下位或半下位,2至5室;每室具2-4 胚珠,中軸胎座,倒生胚珠向上,或半倒生胚珠。果為單核仁核果,頂端包覆著宿存花萼裂片,中果皮通常壁薄,核圓筒狀,通常具縱溝(或具不規則邊緣或突起),隆起部分有時極高,使得核的橫切面呈現星形,種子通常單生,具豐富胚乳,直線形或彎曲;胚直線形或彎曲,子葉極短,線形,子葉2枚,幼苗之初生葉螺旋狀排列。
僅一屬,約300至400種(Cronquist 1981),分布於舊世界的東半部,東達孟買;西至斐濟,南自南緯32。;北至北緯46。,在美洲則分布在
華盛頓至巴西南部。分布於溫帶及熱帶地區之高山,部分種類可生長於海拔4,000 m之高山,惟其習性為攀援性之灌木,其餘種類多混生於常綠
森林中,不見於乾燥地區。臺灣產28種(含變種)。
灰木屬特徵
- Symplocos Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 5, 24 (1760), Select. Stirps. Amer. Hist. (1763); inn., Gen. Pl. ed. 6:272 (1761); Benth., in Trans. Linn. Soc. 18:231 (1841); DC., Prodr. 8:246 (1844); Benth. Fl. Austr. 4:292 (1869); Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:285 (1879); Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. 3:572 (1882); Urban., Bot. Jahrb. 15:328 (1892); Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:13 (1901); and. Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62-B:1 (1943); Nooteboom in Leid. Bot. Ser. 1:33 (1975); Wu in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):1 (1987); H. Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:186 (1993).
- Bobua Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2:88, 526 (1763); DC., Prodr. 3:23 (1828), ut'Bobua'; Nakai, Tr. & Shr. 1:223 (1922).
- Eugeniodes Linn., Fl. Zeyl. 192 (1747); O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:409, 975 (1891), nom. Illeg.
- Hopea Garden ex Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 12:509 (1767); Mant. Pl. 105 (1767), nom. rejic., non Roxb. (1881).
- Ciponima Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guin. Fr. 567 (1775). Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:287 (1879).
- Alstonia Mutis ex Linn. f., Suppl. Pl. 39(1781), non R. Br. (1810), nom. conserv., nec Scopoli (1777), nom. rejic. - Type: Alstonia theaeformis Linn. f.
- Decadia Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1:315 (1790); Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:295 (1879). - Type: Decadia aluminosa Lour.
- Dicalix Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1:663(1790); Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:296 (1879). Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1:103 (1948). - Type: Dicalix cochinchinensis Lour.
- Drupatris Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1:314 (1790). Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:295 (1879). - Type: Drupatris cochinchinensis Lour.
- Barberina Vell., Fl. Flumin. 235 (1825). - Type: Barberina hirsura Vell.
- Mongezia Vell., Fl. Flumin. 183 (1825); Icon. 5:105-106 (1835).
- Sariava Reinw., Syll. Ratisb. 2:12 (1825).
- Stemmatosiphum Pohl, Pl. Bras. Ic. 2:86, t. 157-159 (1831).
- Scyrtocarpus Miers in Lindl., Veg. Kingd. 593a (1847).
- Cordyloblaste Moritzi, Bot. Zeit. 6:606 (1848); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2:307 (1923); Hatusima in J. Jap. Bot. 12:281 (1936). - Type: Cordyloboaste henschelii Moritzi.
- Carlea Presl, Epimel. Bot. 216 (1851). -Type: Carlea obolongifolia Presl.
- Barandra Llanos, Mem. Acad. Cienz. Madr. 3(2):502 (1857). - Type: Barandra angatensis Llanos.
- Hypopogon Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 31(1):246 (1858). - Type: Hypopogon brevipes Turca.
- Chasseloupia Vieill. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. 10:101 (1866). - Lectotype: Chasseloupia lucida Vieill. (Lectotypification: Nooteboom. Blumea 26:411 (1980).
- Suringaria Pierre in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1:635 (1866). - Type: Suringaria cambodiana Pierre.
- Symplocos subgen. Microsymplocos Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:25, 70 (1901). pro parte.
- Symplocos sect. Neosymplocos Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:25, 30 (1901); Hand. - Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62-B:4, 13 (1943). - Lectotype: Symplocos phyllocalyx Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. 3:575 (1882). pro parte.
- Symplocos sect. Symplocastrum Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26,73 (1901). pro parte.
- Symplocos sect. Urbaniocharis Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26,70 (1901); Mai, Fedde. Repert. 97(1-2):13 (1986). pro parte.
(三)台灣灰木科亞屬及節之分類
本研究中,參酌各項特徵,將台灣產之灰木科植物區分為灰木亞屬與深裂灰木亞屬2亞屬,深裂灰木亞屬中區分為8節,蕘花葉山礬節(Wikstroemifoliae)為本研究所新增。
亞屬1. Symplocos 灰木亞屬
- Symplocos Jacq.
- Symplocos subgen. Ciponima Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. 3:587 (1882). - Symplocos sect. Ciponima Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 2:669 (1876). - Type: Ciponina guianensis Aubl.
- Praealstonia Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:291 (1879).
- Symplocos subgen. Cordyloblaste Gamble in J. As. Soc. Beng. 74(2), extra number 248 (1906).
- Symplocos subgen. Eusymplocos Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26, 73 (1901). - Type: Symplocos martinicensis Jacq.
- Symplocos sect. Alstonia G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4:1 (1837or 1838); Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 2:669 (1876).
- Symplocos sect. Cordyloboaste Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 2:669 (1876); Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26, 88 (1901).
- Symplocos sect. Symplocastrum Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26,73 (1901).
- Symplocos subsect. Ciponimastrum Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26,78 (1901).
- Symplocos subsect. Pseudoalstonia Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:26,73 (1901).
葉乾燥後通常不轉為黃色,花瓣合生至中部而形成花冠筒,單體雄蕊;花絲扁平、基部合生,頂端急縮而呈短尾狀。
全世界約100種,台灣產1種。
21. Symplocos sonoharae Koidz. var. formosana C. C. Wang. 台灣南嶺灰木
亞屬2. Hopea (L.) Clarke 深裂灰木亞屬
- Symplocos subgen. Hopea (L.) Clarke, Fl. Br. Ind. 3:572 (1882); Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:25 (1901); Nooteboom in Leid. Bot.
Ser. 1:43 (1975); Wu in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):8 (1987); Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:189 (1993). - Type:
Hopea tinctoria Linn.
- Symplocos sect. Hopea Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 2:668 (1876).
- Symplocos sect. Protohopea Miers. in Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:289(1879).
- Symplocos subgen. Eosymplocos Hand. -Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62-B:4 (1943). - Lectype: Symplocos racemosa
Roxb. (Lectotypification: Nooteboom in Leid. Bot. Ser. 1:34).
葉乾燥後後通常轉變為黃色,花瓣僅於基部合生;雄蕊合生成5體或僅於基部聯結;花絲圓柱狀,頂端漸縮。 全世界約200種,台灣產24種。本亞屬可依下列特徵區分為8節。
台灣產深裂灰木亞屬分節檢索表
1. 落葉喬木或灌木,圓錐花序頂生…………………………………錐序節(Palura) 1. 常綠喬木或灌木,花序腋生。
Sect. 1. Palura G. Don 錐序節
- Symplocos sect. Palura G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4:3 (1837 or 1838); Hand.-Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62B:4, 38 (1943); Wu in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):72 (1987); Nagamasu in Contr. biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:189 (1993). Lectotype: Symplocos
crataegoides Ham. ex G. Don (Lectotypification: Nooteboom in Leid. Bot. Ser. 1:34 (1975).
- Palura Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 2:668 (1876).
- Palura Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:297 (1879); Nakai, Tr. & Shr. 1:228 (1922); Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1:107 (1948).
落葉喬木或灌木;葉中肋表面凹陷;頂生圓錐花序,子房2室,花盤具5凸起之腺點,光滑;果僅1室發育,種子1,具彎曲胚。
3. Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce 灰木
Sect. 2. Lodhra G. Don 光頂山礬節
- Symplocos sect. Lodhra G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4:2 (1837 or 1838); Hand.-Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62B:4, 18 (1943); Wu in
Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):19 (1987). Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:190 (1993).
- Lodhra Guillemin, Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2(15):158 (1841), nom. illeg.; Decaisne, Voy. Jacquinot 4:104 (1844), Quad
basionym; Miers in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:298 (1879).
- Lodhra Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 2:668 (1876); Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:25, 42. - Type: Symplocos racemes Roxb.
常綠喬木或灌木;葉中肋表面凹陷;總狀花序;苞片早落,雄蕊5體或於僅於基部合生,花盤光滑或被毛,子房3室,種子殆1,直線形或略彎曲,核果葫蘆形、長卵形、卵圓形或橢圓形。
- 2. Symplocos caudata Wall. 尾葉灰木
- 8. Symplocos heishanensis Hay. 平遮那灰木
- 11. Symplocos koidzumiana Tatewaki et Yosimura 小泉氏灰木
- 16. Symplocos modesta Brand 小葉白筆
- 18. Symplocos nokoensis (Hay.) Kanehira 能高灰木
- 19. Symplocos sasakii Hay. 佐佐木氏灰木
上述種類中,能高灰木有較小的葉片及1-3朵之花序,與平遮那灰木、小葉白筆、佐佐木氏灰木、尾葉灰木及小泉氏灰木5種之間具有較多的形態差異,是否應將其另列不同之節,值得考慮。
Sect. 3 Bobua (Adanson ) Brand 球果山礬節
- Symplocos sect. Bobua Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:25, 32 (1901); Hand. Mazz., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 62-B:4 (1943); Wu in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):51 (1987); H. Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:190 (1993).
常綠喬木或灌木;葉中肋在表面凹陷;花為腋生穗狀花序,通常於基部分歧;苞片宿存,雄蕊不明顯5體,花盤光滑,子房3室,種子1,兩端彎曲。
- 4a. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. cochinchinensis 鐵銹葉灰木
- 4b. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. philippinensis Noot. 蘭嶼灰木
- 12. Symplocos konishii Hay. 小西氏灰木
- 14. Symplocos laurina (Retz.) Wall 月桂葉灰木
- 23. Symplocos theophrastifolia Hay. 大葉白礬
Wu(1987)將台灣產的Symplocos mollifolia (密毛灰木 Symplocos trichoclada)及Symplocos lancifolia (台灣灰木 Symplocos formosana)歸於球果山礬節,而Nagamasu(1993),另成立披針葉山礬節(Sect. Lancifoliae),將日本之披針葉灰木及S. microcalyx獨立出來,主要依據其穗狀花序單一不分枝、核果球形,以及種子僅一端彎曲作為區別,筆者同意Nagamasu的看法。而球果山礬節大體包含的種類為Nooteboom(1975)所列之越南山礬,即具穗狀分枝之花序的諸多種類。
Sect. 4 Lancifoliae Nagamasu 披針葉山礬節
- 'Symplocos sect. Lancifoliae Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:190 (1993). - Type: Symplocos lancifolia Sieb. & Zucc.
常綠喬木或灌木;葉中肋在上表面略凸起;腋生之穗狀花序或具短柄之總狀花序,花序通常不分枝;苞片宿存,雄蕊5體或僅於基部合生,花盤光滑或被毛,子房3室,種子1,略彎曲。
- 5a. Symplocos formosana Brand var. formosana 台灣灰木
- 5b. Symplocos formosana var. taiheizanensis (Mori) C. C. Wang 小葉台灣灰木
- 24. Symplocos trichoclada Hay. 密毛灰木
Sect. 5. Glaucae Nagamasu 山羊耳節
- Symplocos sect. Glaucae Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 28:191 (1993). - Type: Symplocos glauca (Thunb.)Koidz.
常綠喬木或灌木;中肋在葉上表面凹陷;花序腋生或長於莖上,穗狀花序密生成頭狀,通常分枝;苞片宿存,雄蕊5體,花盤光滑或被毛,子房3室,核果平滑,種子1,線形不彎曲。
- 6. Symplocos glauca (Thunb.) Koidz. 山羊耳
- 10. Symplocos juiyenensis C. C. Wang & C. H. Ou 瑞岩灰木
- 13. Symplocos koshunensis Kanehira 恒春灰木
- 22. Symplocos stellaris Brand 枇杷葉灰木
本節為Nagamasu(1993)所新增,Wu(1987)將山羊耳列入與尾葉灰木等同一節之光頂山礬節,惟據其在花序上之差異,筆者同意本種另成立為山羊耳節。另Nagamasu(1993)將枇杷葉灰木劃入團繖節(Glomeratae Y.-F. Wu),然根據各項特徵之表現,應納入本節為宜。
Sect. 6 Glomeratae Y.-F. Wu 團繖節
Symplocos sect. Glomeratea Wu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24(3):193 (1986); Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):58 (1987); Nagamasu in Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 28:190(1993). - Type: Symplocos glomerata King & Gamble. 常綠灌木或喬木;莖不具髓心;中肋在葉表面皆凹陷,乾後不變黃;花殆生於葉腋,密生或頭狀;苞片宿存,雄蕊5體,花盤光滑;子房3室,核果表面具10縱稜,種子殆1,線形。
- 1a. Symplocos adinandrifolia Hay. var. adinandrifolia 楊桐葉灰木
- 1b. Symplocos adinandrifolia Hay. var. theifolia Hay. 山茶葉灰木
Sect. 7. Palaeosymplocos Brand 古山礬節
Symplocos sect. Palaeosymplocos Brand, Pfl. R. Heft 6:25, 30 (1901); Hand.-Mazz. , Beih. Bot. Centrablbl. 62-b:4,13(1943); Wu, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 60(2):8 (1987). – Lectotype:Symplocos phyllocalys Clark, Fl. Br. ind. 3:575 (1882). 常綠喬木或灌木;中肋在葉表面凸起;腋生穗狀花序,基部分枝,通常密生成頭狀;苞片宿存,5體雄蕊,花盤被毛,子房2-3室,果1-3室,種子每室1-2枚,線形或略彎曲。
- 7. Symplocos glomeratiflora Hay. 團繖花灰木
- 9. Symplocos japonica A. DC. var. nakaharai Hay. 小葉日本灰木
- 15. Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. 光葉灰木
- 17. Symplocos morrisonicola Hay. 玉山灰木
- 20. Symplocos shilanensis Y.C.Liu et F.Y.Lu 希蘭灰木
Sect. 8. Wikstroemifoliae C. C. Wang sect. nov. 蕘花葉山礬節 Fruteces vel arbores sempervirentes costa supra prominens. Inflorescentia axillaris racemosa, bracteis persistentibus. Staminibus pentadelphis, disco glabrous. Ovario 3-loculari.
常綠喬木或灌木;中肋在表面凸起或略平坦;腋生總狀花序,基部分枝;苞片宿存,5體雄蕊,花盤光滑,子房3室,核果卵圓形,種子1,具彎曲胚。 25. Symplocos wikstroemifolia Hay. 蕘花葉灰木