山羊百科，林文智老師的植物、山岳、攝影紀錄

菫菜科　Violaceae

目錄 1 菫菜屬　Viola 1.1 二裂花柱亞屬　Viola subg. Dischidium 1.1.1 短距堇菜組　Viola Sect. Brevicalcaratae 1.1.1.1 雙黃花菫菜　Viola biflora 1.2 美麗堇菜亞屬　Viola subg. Melanium 1.3 堇菜亞屬　Viola subg. Viola 1.3.1 合生托葉組　Viola Sect. Adnatae 1.3.1.1 喜岩菫菜　Viola adenothrix 1.3.1.2 雪山菫菜　Viola adenothrix Hayata var. tsugitakaensis 1.3.1.3 箭葉菫菜　Viola betonicifolia 1.3.1.4 短毛菫菜　Viola confusa 1.3.1.5 小菫菜　Viola inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis 1.3.1.6 紫花地丁　Viola mandshurica 1.3.1.7 琉球菫菜　Viola philippica var. pseudojaponica 1.3.2 雙緣柱頭堇菜組　Viola Sect. Bilobatae 1.3.2.1 如意草　Viola arcuata 1.3.3 蔓莖堇菜組　Viola Sect. Diffusae 1.3.3.1 茶匙黃　Viola diffusa 1.3.3.2 台灣菫菜　Viola formosana 1.3.3.3 川上氏菫菜　Viola formosana var. kawakamii 1.3.3.4 台北菫菜　Viola nagasawae 1.3.3.5 普萊氏菫菜　Viola nagasawai var. pricei 1.3.3.6 心葉茶匙黃　Viola tenuis 1.3.4 斜柱頭堇菜組　Viola Sect. Plagiostigma 1.3.4.1 尖山菫菜　Viola senzanensis 1.3.5 匍匐堇菜組　Viola Sect. Serpentes 1.3.5.1 新竹菫菜　Viola kosanensis 1.3.6 鳥嘴柱頭組　Viola Sect. Trigonocarpae 1.3.6.1 雞腿菫菜 Viola acuminata 1.3.6.2 紫花菫菜　Viola grypoceras 1.3.6.3 翠峰菫菜　Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis 1.4 相關資訊

菫菜屬　Viola

最近檢視中國植物誌Viola屬物種，整理中國菫菜屬分類綱要，發現訂正很多物種，陸續下載文獻補齊，台灣植物誌列舉的名錄匯整應紹舜老師的台灣高等植物採色圖誌與臺灣大學植物標本館　植物名彙與基本資訊列舉的同物異名學名，透過The Plant List重新比對學名採用過程，中国植物志哈佛版可以見到部分物種手繪圖，分類模式採用中國植物誌的中文論述，暫時列舉如下，待日後確認。

二裂花柱亞屬　Viola subg. Dischidium

短距堇菜組　Viola Sect. Brevicalcaratae

雙黃花菫菜　Viola biflora

• 雙黃花菫菜　Viola biflora L.

Viola tayemonii Hayata → Viola biflora L.

Viola kanoi Sasaki → Viola biflora L.

美麗堇菜亞屬　Viola subg. Melanium

• 野生堇菜　Viola arvensis Murray

堇菜亞屬　Viola subg. Viola

合生托葉組　Viola Sect. Adnatae

無地上莖，也無匍匐枝。托葉1/2-2/3與葉柄合生。花柱基部微膝曲，柱頭頂部微凹，兩側具緣邊，前方具短喙。

喜岩菫菜　Viola adenothrix

喜岩菫菜　Viola adenothrix Hayata　→ 柔毛菫菜　Viola fargesii H. Boissieu

Viola brachycentra Hayata　→ Viola fargesii H. Boissieu

Viola thrichopoda Hayata

Viola trichopoda Hayata　→ Viola fargesii H. Boissieu

Viola taiwanensis W. Becker　→ 台灣菫菜　Viola formosana Hayata

Viola kasanensis auct. non Hayata

Viola royleana auct. non Wallich

Viola rupicola auct. non Elmer

雪山菫菜　Viola adenothrix Hayata var. tsugitakaensis

雪山菫菜　Viola adenothrix Hayata var. tsugitakaensis (Masam.) Wang & Huang 　→ 　柔毛菫菜　Viola fargesii H. Boissieu

Viola tsugitakaensis Masam. → 柔毛菫菜　Viola fargesii H. Boissieu

箭葉菫菜　Viola betonicifolia

箭葉菫菜　Viola betonicifolia Sm.

Viola caespitosa D. Don → Viola betonicifolia Sm.

Viola oblongosagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai → Viola betonicifolia Sm.

Viola oblongosagittata Nakai → 長萼菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume

Viola patrinii auct. non DC.

Viola patrinii DC. var. chinesis auct. non Ging

短毛菫菜　Viola confusa

短毛菫菜　Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth.　　→ 　長萼菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume

Viola japonica auct. non Langsdorf

Viola stenocentra Hayata ex Nakai → 琉球菫菜　Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola pseudojaponica Nakai → 琉球菫菜　Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola yedoensis Makino var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Hashim. ex E. Hama → 琉球菫菜　Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola philippica auct. non Cav.

小菫菜　Viola inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis

小菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) Wang & Huang → ???

Viola confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maek. & Hashim. → 長萼菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume

Viola mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker → 長萼菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume

Viola minor (Makino) Makino → 長萼菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume

Viola patrinii DC. var. minor Makino → 長萼菫菜　Viola inconspicua Blume

Viola taiwaniana Nakai → 琉球菫菜　Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

紫花地丁　Viola mandshurica

• 紫花地丁　Viola mandshurica W. Becker

Viola oblongo-sagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai f. ishizakii Yamamoto → ???

Viola oblongosagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai → Viola betonicifolia Sm.

Viola oblongosagittata Nakai f. ishizakii Yamam. → Viola mandshurica W. Becker

Viola mandshurica W. Becker var. ciliata Nakai → Viola mandshurica W. Becker

Viola mandshurica W. Becker var. glabra Nakai → Viola mandshurica W. Becker

琉球菫菜　Viola philippica var. pseudojaponica

• 菲律賓菫菜　Viola philippica Cav.
• 琉球菫菜　Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola longistipulata Hayata → Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola nantouensis S. S. Ying → Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola pseudojaponica Nakai

Viola stenocentra Hayata ex Nakai

Viola taiwaniana Nakai

Viola yedoensis var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Hashim. ex E. Hama

雙緣柱頭堇菜組　Viola Sect. Bilobatae

有或無地上莖或具上升的匍匐枝。托葉大形呈葉狀或小而近全緣，或具細齒裂，離生或僅基部與葉柄合生。花小；下方花瓣的距較短；花柱基部或多或少膝曲，柱頭頂部兩側有肥厚的片狀緣邊，前方具明顯的短喙；柱頭孔較粗。

如意草　Viola arcuata

• 如意草　Viola arcuata Blume

Viola verecunda auct. non A. Gray

Viola arcuata Bl. var. verecunda (A. Gray) Nakai → Viola arcuata Blume

Viola arcuata Bl. var. verecunda (A. Gray) Nakai f. rasicans (Makino) Nakai → ???

Viola arcuata f. radicans (Makino) Nakai → Viola arcuata Blume

Viola verecunda A. Gray f. hensoaensis Kudo & Sasaki → Viola arcuata Blume

Viola verecunda A. Gray f. radicans Makino → Viola arcuata Blume

蔓莖堇菜組　Viola Sect. Diffusae

無地上莖，有匍匐枝。匍匐枝具較長的節間，頂端簇生蓮座狀葉。托葉較狹，近膜質。花小；下方花瓣的距較短；柱頭頂部二淺裂或平坦，二裂片間的前方具短喙。

茶匙黃　Viola diffusa

• 茶匙黃　Viola diffusa Ging.

Viola diffusa Ging. var. glabella Boiss

Viola diffusa var. glabella H. Boissieu → Viola diffusa Ging.

台灣菫菜　Viola formosana

• 台灣菫菜　Viola formosana Hayata

Viola tozanensis Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata

Viola kawakamii Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola logistipulata Hayata

Viola longistipulata Hayata → Viola philippica Cav. var. pseudojaponica (Nakai) Y. S. Chen

Viola hypoleuca Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola kawakamii Hayata var. stenopetala Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola arisanensis W. Becker → unresolved

Viola takasagoensis Koidz. → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola formosana Hayata var. tozanensis (Hayata) Hsieh

Viola formosana Hayata var. tozanensis (Hayata) C. F. Hsieh → Viola formosana Hayata

川上氏菫菜　Viola formosana var. kawakamii

• 川上氏菫菜　Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

川上氏菫菜　Viola formosana Hayata var. stenopetala (Hayata) Wang, Huang & Hashim.

Viola formosana var. stenopetala (Hayata) J. C. Wang, T. C. Huang & T. Hashim. → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola kawakamii Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola kawakamii Hayata var. stenopetala Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola hypoleuca Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola matsudai Hayata

Viola matsudae Hayata → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola takasagoensis Koidz. → Viola formosana Hayata var. kawakamii (Hayata) Y. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang

Viola formosana auct. non Hayata:

台北菫菜　Viola nagasawae

• 台北菫菜　Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata

台灣植物誌採用Viola nagasawai Makino & Hayata var. nagasawai ，The Plant List 接受的學名是Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata。

Viola nagasawai C. F. Hsieh → Unresolved

Viola acutilabella Hayata → Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata

Viola nagasawai Makino & Hayata var. acutilabella (Hayata) Nakai → Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata

普萊氏菫菜　Viola nagasawai var. pricei

• 普萊氏菫菜　Viola nagasawai Makino & Hayata var. pricei (W. Becker) Wang & Huang → ???

Viola pricei W. Becker → Viola nagasawai C. F. Hsieh var. pricei (W. Becker) Wang & Huang → Unresolved

Viola nagasawai auct. non Makino & Hayata

心葉茶匙黃　Viola tenuis

心葉茶匙黃　Viola tenuis Benth. → 茶匙黃　Viola diffusa Ging.

Viola diffusa subsp. tenuis (Benth.) W. Becker → 茶匙黃　Viola diffusa Ging.

斜柱頭堇菜組　Viola Sect. Plagiostigma

無地上莖。根狀莖細長且橫生，或短縮且垂直。托葉離生，通常膜質。柱頭頂部扁平、傾斜，呈釘帽狀，前方具短喙，喙端稍細，有較小的柱頭孔。

尖山菫菜　Viola senzanensis

• 尖山菫菜　Viola senzanensis Hayata

匍匐堇菜組　Viola Sect. Serpentes

無地上莖，或有時具縮短的地上莖。匍匐莖纖細而伸長，有均勻散生的葉片。花較小；下方花瓣的距較短；柱頭頂部平坦無緣邊或兩側有緣邊，前方具短喙。

新竹菫菜　Viola kosanensis

• 新竹菫菜　Viola kosanensis Hayata

新竹菫菜　Viola shinchikuensis Yamamoto

Viola shinchikuensis Yamam. → Viola kosanensis Hayata

Viola nagamiana Hashimoto

Viola nagamiana T. Hashim. → Viola kosanensis Hayata

鳥嘴柱頭組　Viola Sect. Trigonocarpae

花期有地上莖，稀無地上莖。柱頭前方的鉤狀喙較短，喙通常向上斜升，稀近直立，較花柱最寬部分的直徑為短，柱頭孔較粗。蒴果長圓形；果梗通常直立。

雞腿菫菜 Viola acuminata

• 雞腿菫菜 Viola acuminata Ledeb.

紫花菫菜　Viola grypoceras

• 紫花菫菜　Viola grypoceras A. Gray

Viola acuminata Ledcbour → Viola acuminata Ledeb.

翠峰菫菜　Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis

• 翠峰菫菜　Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino var. tsuifengensis Hashimoto → ???

相關資訊

• 臺灣大學植物標本館　植物名彙與基本資訊
• 中国植物志
• Flora of China
• The Plant List

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1. Freitas leandro and Marlies Sazima 2003 Floral Biology and Pollination Mechanisms in Two Viola Species—From Nectar to Pollen Flowers? Ann Bot 91(3): 311-317
2. Hashimoto, Tamotsu 1987 Trigonocarpae Violets of Taiwan Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden 6 1-7
3. Wang, Jenn-Che, Tseng-Chieng Huang 1990 Notes on the Flora of Taiwan (9) --- The Viola L. (Violaceae) Taiwania 35(1) 12-56

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1. 王庆瑞 1991 中国堇菜属植物新分类群, 植物分类与资源学报 13(3) 257-266
2. 王庆瑞 1992 中国堇菜属植物分类群(续) 云南植物研究 14(4) 379-382
3. 周劲松、龚琴、刑福武 2007 中国堇菜（堇菜科）两新异名 热带亚热带植物学报 15(4):366-368
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7. 邢福武、秦新生　2004　中國植物志菫菜科Violaceae拾遺　華南農業大學學報 25(1) 120-121
8. 邢福武、黎昌汉 2004 堇菜属 (堇菜科)植物新资料 热带亚热带植物学报 12(5):475-476
9. 梁冠欣,邢福武 2010 堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系 : 基于trn L-trn F、psbA-trnH、 rpL16、ITS序列, 细胞学以及形态学证据 云南植物研究 32(6): 477-488
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